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Targeted Violence Targeted Violence

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Physical Security Information about Physical Security School Security Personnel Information about School Security Personnel Violence Prevention Information about Violence Prevention

Prevent and mitigate targeted violence incidents.

Targeted violence refers to violence that is premeditated and directed at specific individuals, groups, or locations. Perpetrators often select their targets as a result of grievances. Targeted violence is distinct from violence that is spontaneous, random, or impulsive crime emanating from a person’s immediate anger or fear and is often distinguished by pre-attack behaviors that suggest violence as a possible outcome.

The factors that lead to targeted violence can be wide-ranging, complex, and occur over a period of time. In many instances, however, targeted violence incidents are preventable. Addressing targeted violence requires a comprehensive and community-based approach that incorporates a variety of prevention, protection, and mitigation measures.

Addressing targeted violence should be part of a school’s larger prevention system that begins with issues such as school climate. A positive school climate promotes respectful, trusting, and caring relationships and opens lines of communication, and students may feel more comfortable asking for help or reporting concerns. Schools can take action to build a positive school climate through positive behavior management strategies, school-based practices that promote inclusion, and positive youth development programs. Other protective factors can include providing access to mental health resources and supports, addressing bullying and cyberbullying, and promoting safe community environments.

Schools can also protect against acts of targeted violence by implementing other violence prevention strategies and by involving school personnel who are trained to prevent, recognize, and respond to threats of violence. One practice school may consider the use of well-trained and diverse multidisciplinary school threat assessment teams. These teams should include certified mental health professionals and the approach should include providing the supports and interventions students need when they need them. Schools may also establish a reporting system that is continually monitored and allows anonymous reporting to help members of the school community share concerns related to student or school safety.

Some school districts may decide to use school-based law enforcement, including school resource officers (SROs) and other security personnel, to help prevent or mitigate school violence. Implementing an SRO program is a local decision that should be made with significant community input, and school districts should consider the range of options available that best fit their needs. SROs have a unique role in school safety, with a primary focus on prevention and proactive engagement in their community of students and school staff.

Local communities should consider funding, training, and proper staffing as part of the SRO program evaluation. Schools with SRO programs are encouraged to implement high-quality practices in the training and use of SROs in schools. Ensuring SROs carry out their responsibilities in a fair and impartial manner helps students feel safe at school.

Schools can also mitigate targeted violence threats by taking proactive measures to improve the physical security of school grounds, buildings, and classrooms. Conducting a site assessment can help school leaders and personnel identify vulnerabilities, integrate future security practices, and inform the development of building security plans. Schools can also bolster physical security and safety efforts by working with community partners to share information about best practices, potential threats, and mitigation strategies. Physical security should be viewed as part of the broader school safety and security enterprise, with measures that support prevention, response, and recovery efforts and that do not impede upon the educational mission or school climate.

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Access additional resources below to learn more about targeted violence and related best practices. Use the filters to sort resources based on subtopic and/or preparedness action.

Program
Emergency Planning
Protective Security Advisor (PSA) Program

Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency

These resiliency subject matter experts engage with federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government partners, and members of the private sector stakeholder community to protect the nation’s critical infrastructure. PSAs provide several services to schools, including assisting with security vulnerability assessments; facilitating active shooter, improvised explosive device (IED), and other security training; and coordinating tabletop exercises and practical exercises.

Guidance
Targeted Violence
K–12 School Security Guide (2nd Edition) and School Security Survey

Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, 2018

This guide provides preventive and protective measures to address the threat of gun violence in schools. It includes a PDF with general security best practices and considerations and a Microsoft Excel-based security survey.

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